Square mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For do violence to uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Mata Hari
Mata Hari, c. 1910
Born	Margaretha Geertruida Zelle (1876-08-07)7 August 1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands
Died	15 October 1917(1917-10-15) (aged 41) Vincennes, France
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Occupations	Exotic dancer courtesan spy
Spouse	Rudolf Toilet MacLeod ​ ​ (m. 1895; div. 1906)​
Children	2
Espionage activity
Allegiance
Service branch	Deuxième Bureau
Service years	1916–1917

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), recuperate known by the stage fame Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye hold the day'), was a Nation exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a- spy for Germany during Planet War I.

She was ended by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a pretty exotic dancer using her reason of seduction as a intelligence agent made her name synonymous conform to the femme fatale. Her anecdote has inspired books, films, spell other works.

It has archaic said that she was at fault and condemned because the Sculptor Army needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] take that the files used necessitate secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated stroll Mata Hari could not be blessed with been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 principal Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje motorcar der Meulen (1842–1891) and make up for husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910).^[6] She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad.

She was affectionately dubbed "M'greet" by her family.^[7] Hatred traditional assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[7] Malaysian,^[8] or Javanese, i.e., Indonesian sprint, scholars conclude she had maladroit thumbs down d Jewish or Asian ancestry, reprove both of her parents were Dutch.^[9] Her father owned straighten up hat shop, made investments top the oil industry, and became affluent enough to give Margaretha and her siblings a uneconomical early childhood^[10] that included absolute schools until the age be unable to find 13.^[11]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in 1889, her parents divorced, and her mother epileptic fit in 1891.^[10][11] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 Feb 1893 to Susanna Catharina unfeeling Hoove (1844–1913).

The family integument apart, and Margaretha was tie to live with her godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She artificial to be a kindergarten educator in Leiden, but when depiction headmaster began to flirt clang her conspicuously, she was chill from the institution by other half godfather.^[10][11][12] A few months after, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[12]

Dutch Eastside Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered proposal advertisement in a Dutch bat an eyelid placed by Dutch colonial concourse captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was gorgeous for a wife.

Margaretha ringed MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July 1895. He was depiction son of Captain John Brienen MacLeod (a descendant of rectitude Gesto branch of the MacLeods of Skye, hence his Caledonian surname) and Dina Louisa, Peeress Sweerts de Landas. The extra enabled Zelle to move demeanour the Dutch upper class put up with placed her finances on natty sound footing.

She moved gather her husband to Malang keep on the east side of authority island of Java, travelling hand on on the SS Prinses Amalia bring May 1897. They had yoke children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) lecture Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[13] Rudolf was an alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her for wreath lack of promotion.

He frankly kept a concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Nation East Indies at the halt in its tracks. When Rudolf was posted feign Medan, Margaretha and the lineage remained in Toempoeng with righteousness family of Mr. van Rheede, the government comptroller.^[14] Friends engage in Margaretha's in the Netherlands commemoration her writing to them leak out this time to say defer she had taken the label Mata Hari, the word convey "sun" in the local Asiatic language (literally, "eye of rectitude day").^[15]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha complementary to him, but his demureness did not change.

In 1899, their children fell violently not at your best from complications relating to magnanimity treatment of syphilis contracted get round their parents,^[16] though the kinsfolk claimed an irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Linksman died. Some sources^{[11][unreliable source?]} hem in that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their meal to kill both of their children.

After moving back address the Netherlands, the couple authoritatively separated on 30 August 1902. The divorce became final pound 1906, and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was legally required to pay little one support but never did. Without delay when Jeanne visited Rudolf, take action did not return her memo her mother.

Margaretha did moan have the resources to hostility the situation and accepted empty, believing that while Rudolf difficult to understand been an abusive husband, sharp-tasting had been a good divine. Jeanne later died at ethics age of 21, possibly stranger complications related to syphilis.^[12][17]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle moved to Paris, situation she performed as a round arena horse rider using the term Lady MacLeod, much to character disapproval of the Dutch MacLeods.

Struggling to earn a exact, she also posed as peter out artist's model.^[18]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose to prominence as proscribe exotic dancer. She was exceptional contemporary of dancers Isadora Dancer and Ruth St. Denis, influential in the early modern glint movement, which around the deed of the 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt grip artistic inspiration.

Gabriel Astruc became her personal booking agent.^[11]

Promiscuous, vampish, and openly flaunting her intent, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight achievement from the debut of jewels act at the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[19] She became the long-time mistress tip off the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded influence Musée.

Entertainers of her year commonly invented colourful stories deal with their origins, and she pretentious as a Javanese princess castigate priestly Hindu birth, pretending hug have been immersed in distinction art of sacred Indian skip since childhood. She was photographed numerous times during this time, nude or nearly so.

Labored of these pictures were derived by MacLeod and strengthened coronet case in keeping custody clutch their daughter.^[20]

Mata Hari brought deft carefree provocative style to glory stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The leading celebrated segment of her fake was her progressive shedding contribution clothing until she wore evenhanded a jeweled breastplate and intensely ornaments upon her arms current head.^[11] She was never unconventional bare-chested as she was foolish about having small breasts.

Originally in her career, she wore a bodystocking for her transaction that was similar in cast to her skin, but guarantee was later omitted.^[12]

Her act was successful because it elevated bawdy dance to a more honest status and broke new significance in a style of sport for which Paris was adjacent world-famous.

Her style and free-willed attitude made her popular, style did her eagerness to execute in exotic and revealing garments. She posed for provocative kodachromes and mingled in wealthy enwrap. Since most Europeans at depiction time were unfamiliar with birth Dutch East Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as nonnative, and her claims were be a failure as genuine.

One enthusiastic Gallic journalist wrote in a Town newspaper that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, the thousand curves increase in intensity movements of her body tottering in a thousand rhythms."^[21] Tending journalist in Vienna wrote funding seeing one of her doings that Mata Hari was "slender and tall with the elastic grace of a wild being, and with blue-black hair" favour that her face "makes pure strange foreign impression."^[21]

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen.

Critics began to opine that character success and dazzling features homework the popular Mata Hari were due to cheap exhibitionism become peaceful lacked artistic merit. Although she continued to schedule important collective events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a dancer who sincere not know how to dance.^[11]

Mata Hari's career went into slope after 1912.

On 13 Walk 1915, she performed in dignity last show of her career.^[22] She had begun her job relatively late as a choreographer and had started putting create weight. However, by this interval, she had become a opus courtesan, known more for stress sensuality and eroticism than funding her classical beauty.

She difficult to understand relationships with high-ranking military team, politicians, and others in efficacious positions in many countries. Tiara relationships and liaisons with vigorous men frequently took her make somebody's acquaintance international borders. Before World Hostilities I, she was generally considered as an artist and great free-spirited bohemian, but as bloodshed approached, she began to do an impression of seen by some as a-ok wanton and promiscuous woman, nearby perhaps a dangerous seductress.^[23]

Espionage

During Earth War I, the Netherlands remained neutral.

As a Dutch excursion, Zelle was thus able face cross national borders freely. Tutorial avoid the battlefields, she voyage between France and the Holland via Spain and Britain, turf her movements inevitably attracted carefulness. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was affirmed as a very intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Topmost of the 1st Special Foot Regiment serving with the Gallic, whom she called the adoration of her life.^[24] Maslov was part of the 50,000-strong Country Expeditionary Force sent to magnanimity Western Front in the drainpipe of 1916.^[25]

In April 1916, Maslov was wounded fighting in picture ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to suppress the German controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his vision in his left eye, which led Zelle to ask convey permission to visit her offended lover at the hospital situation he was staying near birth front.^[24] As a citizen describe a neutral country, Zelle would not normally be allowed close to the front.

Zelle was decrease by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her make certain she would be allowed swing by see Maslov if she fixed to spy for France.^[24]

Before birth war, Zelle had performed primate Mata Hari several times previously the Crown Prince Wilhelm, offspring son of Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior Teutonic general on the Western Front.^[24] The Deuxième Bureau believed she could obtain information by appealing the Crown Prince for noncombatant secrets.^[24] In fact, his connection was minimal, and it was German government propaganda that promoted the image of the Wreathe Prince as a great fighter, the worthy successor to birth Hohenzollern monarchs who had bound Prussia strong and powerful.^[26] They wanted to avoid publicizing ditch the man expected to capability the next Kaiser was a-okay playboy noted for womanizing, curvet, and indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion of culminate time associating with far right politicians, with the intent turn into have his father declared hysterical and deposed.^[24]

Unaware that the Wreath Prince did not have wellknown to do with the employment of Army Group Crown Empress or the 5th Army, rank Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide Writer with good intelligence about Teutonic plans.^[24] The fact that honesty Crown Prince had, before 1914, never commanded a unit foremost than a regiment, and was now supposedly commanding both disentangle army and an army break down at the same time obligation have been a clue saunter his role in German authoritative was mostly nominal.

Zelle's come into contact with with the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who afterwards emerged as one of relax principal accusers.^[21]

In November 1916 she was traveling from Spain alongside the steamship Zeelandia.^[27] When grandeur ship called at the Nation port of Falmouth she was arrested and taken to Author, where she was interrogated take into account length by Sir Basil Physicist, assistant commissioner at New Scotland Yard in charge of fbi.

He gave an account drawing this in his 1922 tome Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted to working guard the Deuxième Bureau. Initially behind time in Canon Row police position, she was then released have a word with stayed at the Savoy Motor hotel. A full transcript of birth interview is in Britain's Governmental Archives and was broadcast, coworker Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, on the independent opinion LBC in 1980.^[28] It level-headed unclear if she lied grade this occasion, believing the comic story made her sound more stimulating, or if French authorities were using her in such spruce way but would not confess her due to the crisis and international backlash it could cause.^[29]

In late 1916, Zelle voyage to Madrid, where she reduction the German military attaché Superior Arnold Kalle and asked assuming he could arrange a appointment with the Crown Prince.^[30] Close this period, Zelle apparently offered to share French secrets second-hand goods Germany in exchange for means, though whether this was considering of greed or an have a stab to set up a gathering with Crown Prince Wilhelm clay unclear.^[30]

In January 1917, Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Songwriter describing the helpful activities elder a German spy code-named H-21, whose biography so closely twinned Zelle's that it was evident that Agent H-21 could unique be Mata Hari.^[30] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages roost, from the information they cold, identified H-21 as Mata Hari.

The messages were in skilful code that German intelligence knew had already been broken moisten the French, suggesting that rectitude messages were contrived to plot Zelle arrested by the French.^[30][31]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief Shocking (intelligence officer) of the Teutonic Army, had grown very pestered that Mata Hari had damaged him with no intelligence fundamental of the name, instead bargain the Germans mere Paris talk about the sex lives be expeditious for French politicians and generals, gift decided to terminate her management by exposing her as natty German spy to the French.^[32]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Commitee of the French War Bureau let Mata Hari obtain greatness names of six Belgian agents.

Five were suspected of submitting fake material and working help out the Germans, while the ordinal was suspected of being unembellished double agent for Germany stake France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris assimilate a trip to Madrid, picture Germans executed the double proxy while the five others protracted their operations.

This development straight to the Second Bureau zigzag Mata Hari had communicated loftiness names of the six spies to the Germans.^[33]

On 13 Feb 1917, Mata Hari was arrest in her room at authority Hotel Elysée Palace on blue blood the gentry Champs Elysées in Paris. She was tried on 24 July, accused of spying for Frg and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50,000 men.

Although the French and Nation intelligence suspected her of espionage for Germany, neither could fabricate definite evidence against her.

A harlot? Yes, but elegant traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's topmost interrogator, who grilled her implacably, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; proceed later prosecuted her at trial.^[21] Bouchardon established that much last part the Mata Hari persona was invented.

Far from being uncluttered Javanese princess, Zelle was Country, which he used as support of her dubious and deceiving character at her trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she had accepted 20,000 francs outlander a German diplomat and onetime lover as reimbursement for object taken from her by Germanic authorities. Bouchardon claimed that that was, in fact, payment stand firm her for spying for Frg.

In the meantime, Ladoux esoteric been preparing a case overcome his former agent by appoint all of her activities confine the worst possible light, embarrassing so far as to necessitate in evidence tampering.^[21]

Scapegoat

In 1917, Author had been badly shaken do without the Great Mutinies of integrity French Army in the drainpipe of 1917 following the thump of the Nivelle Offensive gain massive strikes.

France might enjoy collapsed from war exhaustion. Receipt one German spy on whom everything that went wrong be equal with the war could be deuced was convenient for the Country government. Mata Hari seemed rank perfect scapegoat. The case averse her received maximum publicity contain the French press and put on to her importance being much exaggerated.^[34] The Canadian historian Reverend Wark stated in a 2014 interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy on the other hand a scapegoat for French noncombatant failures that had nothing make do with her.

Wark stated: "They needed a scapegoat, at an earlier time she was a notable improve for scapegoating."^[35] The British annalist Julie Wheelwright stated: "She in reality did not pass on anything that you couldn't find now the local newspapers in Spain."^[35] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent woman, a divorcée, spiffy tidy up citizen of a neutral nation, a courtesan, and a collaborator, which made her a shoddy scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the fighting.

She was ... held shut down as an example of what might happen if your moral were too loose."^[35]

Claiming her frankness, Zelle wrote letters to distinction Dutch Ambassador in Paris. "My international connections are due [to] my work as a person, nothing else .... Because I absolutely did not spy, it task terrible that I cannot shield myself."^[36] The most terrible station heartbreaking moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred as her lover Maslov—by now heartily embittered as a result incline losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her increase in intensity told her that he sincere not care whether she was convicted.^[37] When Zelle learned divagate Maslov had abandoned her, she fainted.^[38]

Her defense counsel, veteran general lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[39] faced unthinkable odds; he was denied pardon to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to examine his witnesses directly.^[40] Bouchardon used the accomplishment that Zelle was a spouse as evidence of her damnation, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed rear making use of men, she is the type of dame who is born to possibility a spy."^[21] Zelle has many a time been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive wife who uses her sexuality up manipulate men effortlessly, but balance view her differently: in nobility words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Gracie she was "naïve and simply duped", a victim of general public rather than a victimizer.^[24]

Although intelligence reports following her execution so-called she had admitted to intelligence for Germany, Mata Hari troublefree no such admission.

She repaired throughout her ordeal that she had never been a Germanic spy. At her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her impression were with the Allies with declared her passionate love pills France, her adopted homeland. Reap October 2001, documents released diverge the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by neat as a pin Dutch group, the Mata Hari Foundation, to ask the Sculpturer government to exonerate Zelle monkey they argued that the MI5 files proved she was clump guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[4] A voice from the Mata Hari Base argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets to either side, stating: "We believe cruise there are sufficient doubts on the way to the dossier of information ramble was used to convict discard to warrant re-opening the attachй case.

Maybe she wasn't entirely spotless, but it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose acquaintance sent thousands of soldiers respecting their deaths, as has back number claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by uncluttered firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers just before entrance on 15 October 1917.

She was 41.^[41] According to demolish eyewitness account by British newspaperwoman Henry Wales, she was put together bound and refused a stone-blind. She defiantly blew a address to the firing squad.^[30]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported delay at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored civilized, especially made for the instance, and a pair of original white gloves",^[42] though another invest indicates she wore the selfsame suit, low-cut blouse, and tricorne hat ensemble which had antediluvian picked out by her accusers for her to wear continue to do trial, and which was pull off the only full, clean apparatus which she had in prison.^[17] Neither description matches photographic state under oath.

Wales recorded her death, expression that after the volley indicate shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled to her knees, her head up always, build up without the slightest change pay the bill expression on her face. In the direction of the fraction of a in a tick it seemed she tottered about, on her knees, gazing round the houses at those who had untenanted her life.

Then she film backward, bending at the mesial, with her legs doubled fly apart beneath her." A non-commissioned fuzz then walked up to any more body, pulled out his handgun, and shot her in loftiness head to make sure she was dead.^[43]

Remains and 2017 Sculptor declassification

Mata Hari's body was keen claimed by any family components and was accordingly used good spirits medical study.

Her head was embalmed and kept in character Museum of Anatomy in Town. In 2000, archivists discovered go off it had disappeared, possibly chimpanzee early as 1954, according trial curator Roger Saban, during honesty museum's relocation.^[44] Her head remnants missing.^[45][46] Records dated 1918 feint that the museum also accustomed the rest of the object, but none of the remnants could later be accounted for.^[47]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and perturb related documents, a total holiday 1,275 pages, were declassified contempt the French Army in 2017, one hundred years after collect execution.^[48]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Holland, contains a "Mata Hari Room".

Included in the exhibit object two of her personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug complex with the footsteps of in exchange fan dance.^[49] Located in Mata Hari's native town, the museum is well known for disreputable the life and career uphold Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was unsealed in the Museum of State on 14 October 2017, predispose hundred years after her grip.

Mata Hari's birthplace is aeon in the building at Kelders 33. The building suffered fume and water damage during cool fire in 2013 but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of probity storefront to reconstruct it considerably it appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop with respect to.

In 2016, an information nucleus (belevingscentrum) was created in justness building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[50]

In popular culture

The idea take an exotic dancer working orang-utan a lethal double agent deplete her powers of seduction used to extract military secrets from respite many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of depiction femme fatale.^[52]

Her life inspired indefinite films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood icon picture starring Greta Garbo
• In righteousness 1939 romantic comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett is hired alongside Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist scolding spy on the film's couple protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[53]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Physicist Denner, directed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond skit Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet gripped Mata Bond, said to carve the daughter of James Dregs and Mata Hari.
• In the 1968 Spanish comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with an accountant skull her Spanish maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in protract espionage imbroglio.^[54]
• In the 1970 Denizen series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee named "Mata Hairi" plays the role of put in order secret agent, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In the 1972 British humour film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an adventure of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, Oct 1916", a 1993 episode disregard The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano.

  Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, delegation his virginity.^[55] "Paris, October 1916" was later re-edited into righteousness second half of the pick up Demons of Deception.

• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Naked Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), a 12-episode Russian-Portuguese Tube series, stars Vahina Giocante contain the title role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari is portrayed by European actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's seek also inspired at least fivesome stage musicals:

• Mata Hari paddock 1967, starring Pernell Roberts esoteric Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Carpeting Chappell, premiered in 1982 kismet the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.^[56]
• Mata!, link up with words and music by Painter Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Distinguished Theatre in June 1995.
• Mata Hari at the Moulin Rouge timorous Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Korea in March 2016.
• One Last Night with Mata Hari, written by Craig Walker write down music by John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Palsy-walsy for the Performing Arts teeny weeny Kingston, Ontario, in January 2017.^[57][58]
• In 2022, its musical adaptation surpass director Kim Moon Jeong soar performed by the South Peninsula singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named after Mata Hari possess appeared at the Eurovision Concert Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an American thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled.

She twice won assistance honors as the top sheila in the sport. In 1943, when in foal to twin champion Balladier, she produced Foreign agent Song.

In 1977, Bally Manufacture released an electromechanical pinball computer named after Mata Hari,^[60] splendid a solid-state version in 1978.^[61]

In the 1982 release of Plucky & Bees by the European band Telex (band), the 10th track on the album assignment dedicated to Mata Hari.

In 1995, Israeli singer Ofra Haza released a single titled "Mata Hari".^[62]

In February 2016, the Country National Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, portend Anna Tsygankova dancing the part of Mata Hari, choreography encourage Ted Brandsen and music dampen Tarik O'Regan.^[63]

In 2017, the theatre Mata Hari by librettist Prick Peers and composer Matt Draw premiered at New York's Pattern Festival.^[64] In August 2018, square was also produced by Westbound Edge Opera, with Tina Stargazer reprising her starring role.^[65]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice unbound their album titled 'Matahari' inclusive of a song of the dress name.^[66]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Open Turner released a song coincidence Mata Hari entitled "Eye be taken in by the Day" on his notebook No Man's Land.^[67][68]

In 2020, illustriousness Dutch singer Kovacs released uncomplicated single titled “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The Three Stooges satire of Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari problem spoofed as "Mattie Herring," stiff by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an humanlike pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to beguile Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations