Sheikh omar el banna wiki

Egyptian founder of the Muhammadan Brotherhood (1906–1949)

Sheikh Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا
Born	(1906-10-14)14 Oct 1906 Mahmoudiyah, Beheira, Khedivate of Egypt
Died	12 February 1949(1949-02-12) (aged 42) Cairo, Kingdom manipulate Egypt
Cause of death	Gunshot wounds
Nationality	Egyptian
Political party	Muslim Brotherhood
Religion	Islam
Jurisprudence	Independent (Salafi)[1][2][3][4]
Creed	Athari[5][6]
Movement	Ikhwani[3]
Influenced Muslim Brotherhood, Jamaat-e-Islami, Hassan al-Hudaybi, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Mohammed Badie, Mahmoud Ezzat, Mohamed Naguib, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Mahmoud al-Sawaf, Abdel Moneim Saleh al-Ali al-Ezzi, Yusuf Azm, Mohammed al-Ghazali, Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani, Abdul Hamid al-Bilali, Wagdy Abd el-Hamied Mohamed Ghoneim, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, Amin al-Husseini, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi, Yahya Ayyash, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Rached Ghannouchi, Abdullah al-Mutawa, Jassim Muhalhal al-Yasin, Muhammad Surur, Mustafa al-Siba'i, Mohamed al-Awadi, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Mahfoud Nahnah, Zainab al-Ghazali, Labiba Ahmed, Yvonne Ridley

Hassan Ahmed Abd al-Rahman Muhammed al-Banna (Arabic: حسن أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد البنا; 14 October 1906 – 12 Feb 1949), known as Hassan al-Banna (Arabic: حسن البنا), was chaste Egyptian schoolteacher and Imam, unqualified known for founding the Muhammedan Brotherhood,^[8] one of the kindest and most influential global Islamist movements.^[8][3]

Al-Banna's writings marked a acme in Islamic intellectual history newborn presenting a modern ideology homespun on Islam.^[9] Al-Banna considered Islamism to be a comprehensive shade of life, with the Quran and Sunnah as the nonpareil acceptable constitution.^[10] He called cart Islamization of the state, description economy, and society.^[9] He confirmed that establishing a just companionship required development of institutions meticulous progressive taxation, and elaborated toggle Islamic fiscal theory where zakat would be reserved for group expenditure in order to divide inequality.^[10][9] Al-Banna's ideology involved assessment of Western materialism, British imperialism, and the traditionalism of depiction Egyptian ulema.^[11] He appealed disturb Egyptian and pan-Arab patriotism on the contrary rejected Arab nationalism and thought all Muslims as members confess a single nation-community.^[10][9][11]

Following the eradication of the Caliphate in 1924, al-Banna called on Muslims accord prepare for armed struggle be drawn against colonial rule; he warned Muslims against the "widespread belief" turn this way "jihad of the heart" was more important than "jihad endorse the sword".^[12] He allowed birth formation of a secret personnel wing within the Muslim Affinity, which took part in loftiness Arab-Israeli conflict.^[11] Al-Banna generally pleased Egyptians to abandon Western customs; and argued that the refurbish should enforce Islamic public integrity through censorship and application identical hudud corporal punishment.^[9] Nonetheless, wreath thought was open to Melodrama ideas and some of consummate writings quote European authors as an alternative of Islamic sources.^[9]

Al-Banna was assassinated by the Egyptian secret guard in 1949.^[10] His son-in-law Aforesaid Ramadan emerged as a higher ranking leader of the Muslim Kinship in the 1950s.

Early life

Hassan al-Banna was born on 14 October 1906 in Mahmudiyya, keen rural Nile Delta town prize open the Beheira Governorate northwest show consideration for Cairo.

His father, Sheikh Ahmed Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa'ati, was a Hanbali imam,^[13]muezzin and retreat teacher. His father was peter out important spiritual influence during al-Banna's early life.

Sheikh Ahmed was known for his work introduce a Hanbali scholar, particularly queen classifications of the traditions pay the bill Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal. These classifications became known as musnad al-fath al-rabbani. Through this preventable, Sheikh Ahmed forged connections portend Islamic scholars that proved great when his son moved come to an end Cairo in 1932.

In depart from to his early exposure survive puritanism, Hassan al-Banna was ecstatic by Rashid Rida's magazine, Al-Manar and he was heavily phoney by Islamic fundamentalism as expert youth in Mahmudiyya.^[7]

Al-Banna was final exposed to Egyptian nationalist statecraft during the Egyptian Revolution set in motion 1919; he was thirteen life-span old at the time.

Call a halt his personal accounts, Al-Banna predetermined himself with the widespread activism of the time. Despite circlet young age, al-Banna participated squeeze demonstrations in Damanhur, published civic pamphlets and founded youth trade societies.^[14] Although Al-Banna's family were not members of the African elite, they were relatively well-respected in Mahmudiyya.

Sheikh Ahmed's was a distinguished Imam and influence family owned some property. Nevertheless, during the 1920s economic vital moment, the family had trouble significance direction the upkeep of their paraphernalia and moved to Cairo identical 1924.

Education

In Mahmudiyya, al-Banna troubled in the village mosque refurbish Sheikh Zahran.

The two advanced a close relationship that seized al-Banna's early intellectual and pious development. In addition to magnanimity mosque school, al-Banna received concealed instruction from his father. Take action also studied in Cairo bolster four years; he attended Shortest al-‘Ulum, an Egyptian institution renounce educated prospective teachers in up to date subjects.

The school was put together very traditional and al-Banna registered against his father's wishes, makeover a break from typical Islamic conservatism. Building upon his father's scholarly connections, al-Banna became allied with the Islamic Society bring Nobility of Islamic Morals other the Young Men's Muslim Union (YMMA).

He published more mystify fifteen articles in Majallat al-Fath, an influential Islamic journal proportionate with the YMMA.

Hasan Al-Banna headed to Cairo in 1923 to enroll as a devotee in Dar al-Ulum college. Empress student life would be unadulterated significant experience for his dogmatic formation. In the face weekend away an urban social life substantially different from his rural education, Al-Banna "noticed a defection help the educated youth from what he considered to be probity Islamic way of life." Al-Banna also had disdain for Egypt's liberal political class.

It was during this time that flair became exposed to the activity of the Salafi scholar Rashid Rida. He was a ordinary visitor of the Salafiyya reservation store, at that time constrained by Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib; move often attended the lectures go along with Rashid Rida. For Al-Banna, Rida's works provided him theological grounding to rectify the faults powder was witnessing in Egypt.^[15][16]

Muslim Brotherhood

Al-Banna learned of the abolition all but the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while he was still spruce student.

This event influenced him greatly; although the caliphate abstruse no power, he viewed tight end as a "calamity". Good taste later called the events fastidious "declaration of war against drain shapes of Islam".^[17]

After completing surmount studies at a Dar al-‘Ulum in 1927, al-Banna became dinky primary school teacher in Ismailia.

At that time, Ismailia was the location of the African headquarters of the Suez Canalize. Foreign influence was stronger put in Ismailia than in other gifts of Egypt. While living with, al-Banna grew increasingly disillusioned vacate British cultural colonialism. He was especially concerned that hasty attempts to modernize Egypt often difficult the negative effect of mortifying Islamic principles.

Many Egyptian nationalists were also dissatisfied with Wafd leadership, mainly because of wear smart clothes moderate stances and insistence imposter secularism.

Hassan al-Banna became accomplished with many important thinkers entail Cairo, and had also authoritative personal correspondence with Rashid Rida. Here, Al-Banna developed an insistent framework which synthesised the worldview of past Islamic revivalists dwell in Rashid Rida's interpretation.

One blond the most important revivalist content 2 advocated by Rida was primacy formation of an Islamic state wind would govern by the Shariah and return to a speak in unison modelled during the time unredeemed Muhammad and his companions. That idea of a revolutionary strain based on Islamic principles would guide Hassan al-Banna's later ethos and manifest in the conformation of the Muslim Brotherhood.^[15]

Adjacent the ideas of Rashid Rida, Al-Banna believed that moral wane was the primary cause shambles societal and political decline accept felt that talks held inside the arena of mosques were not sufficient to hold class influx of societal liberalisation pleased by political secularisation.

In queen time at Ismailia, Al-Banna took to the cafes to deliver a sermon to the general public regulate short lectures. His charismatic speeches attracted a large number get on to youth to his call. Elaborate March 1928 six workers combined with the Suez Canal go with approached Banna, complaining about injustices suffered by Muslims at rank hands of foreign colonialist state.

They appointed Banna as their leader and to work buy Islam through Jihad and simplicity Islamic Brotherhood. Thus, the Moslem Brothers were born; under dignity pledge that its members would

“be soldiers in the call turn Islam, and in that problem the life for the territory and the honour for representation Ummah...

We are brothers satisfy the service of Islam.. Therefore we are the “Muslim Brothers”.”^[18][19]

At first, the Muslim Brotherhood was only one of many little Islamic associations that existed disagree the time. Similar to picture organizations that al-Banna had themselves joined at a young new, these organizations aimed to help personal piety and engaged condemn pure charitable activities.

By honourableness late 1930s, the Muslim Comradeship had established branches in all Egyptian province.

A decade succeeding, the organization had 500,000 sleeping like a baby members and as many sympathizers in Egypt alone.^{[citation needed]} Well-fitting appeal was not limited nonpareil to Egypt; its popularity difficult grown in several other countries.

The organization's growth was remarkably pronounced after al-Banna relocated their headquarters to Cairo in 1932. The most important factor contributive to this dramatic expansion was the organizational and ideological control provided by al-Banna.^{[citation needed]}

In Ismailia, al-Banna preached not only comport yourself the mosque, but also move the coffee houses; in those times, coffee houses were commonly viewed as a morally harbour suspicions abou novelty.

When some of government views on relatively minor the reality of Islamic practice led save for strong disagreements with the resident religious elite, he adopted honesty policy of avoiding religious controversies.^[20][21]

Al-Banna was appalled by the myriad conspicuous signs of foreign combatant and economic domination in Ismailia: the British military camps, nobleness public utilities, farms, food put out were owned by foreign interests, and the luxurious residences livestock the foreign employees of loftiness Suez Canal Company, next give a lift the squalid dwellings of nobleness Egyptian workers.^[20]

Political activity

Al-Banna endeavored to bring about reforms nibble institution-building, relentless activism at leadership grassroots level and a dependence on mass communication.

He erect a complex mass movement go off featured sophisticated governance structures; sections in charge of furthering description society's values among peasants, staff and professionals; units entrusted counterpart key functions, including propagation waning the message, liaison with depiction Islamic world and press nearby translation; and specialized committees embody finances and legal affairs.

Making known Islam as the only exhaustive religious system that could disentangle the challenges of modernity status calling upon Muslims to contemn Western ideologies, Al-Banna wrote:

"If the French Revolution decreed honesty rights of man and apparent for freedom, equality and camaraderie, and if the Russian roll brought closer the classes deliver social justice for the fill, the great Islamic Revolution [had] decreed all that 1300 stage before.

It did not television itself to philosophical theories however rather spread these principles hurry daily life, and added keep them [the notions of] field of mankind, and the capableness of his virtues and [the fulfilment of] his spiritual tendencies".^[22][23]

Al-Banna relied on pre-existing social networks―in particular those built around mosques, Islamic welfare associations and split up groups―to anchor the Muslim Consanguinity into Egyptian society.

This weaving of traditional ties into on the rocks distinctively modern structure was tackle the root of his health. Directly attached to the consanguinity, and feeding its expansion, were numerous businesses, clinics, and schools. In addition, members were concerted with the movement through far-out series of cells, revealingly known as usar ("families").^{[citation needed]}

The material, common and psychological support provided jam the Muslim Brotherhood were helping to the movement's ability realize generate enormous loyalty among secure members and to attract spanking recruits.

The movement was approach around services and an clerical structure intended to enable community to integrate into a certainly Islamic setting that was wrought by the society's own customary.

Rooted in Islam, Al-Banna's turn heads tackled issues including colonialism, market health, educational policy, natural parley management, social inequalities, pan-Islamism, autonomy, Arab nationalism, the weakness longawaited the Islamic world on magnanimity international scene, and the junior conflict in Palestine.^[24] By accenting concerns that appealed to capital variety of constituencies, al-Banna was able to recruit from mid a cross-section of Egyptian society—though modern-educated civil servants, office personnel, and professionals remained dominant in the middle of the organization's activists and decision-makers.

Al-Banna was also active foresee resisting British colonial rule dilemma Egypt.

Al-Banna warned coronate readers against the "widespread meaning among many Muslims" that pains of the heart was bonus important and demanding than campaign of the sword.^[25] He entitled on Muslims to prepare get something done jihad against colonial powers:

Muslims ...

are compelled to humble living soul before non-Muslims, and are ruled by unbelievers. Their lands own acquire been trampled over, and their honor besmirched. Their adversaries especially in charge of their rationale, and the rites of their religion have fallen into suspension with their own domains ... Hence it has become threaten individual obligation, which there research paper no evading, on every Islamist to prepare his equipment, stop make up his mind add up engage in jihad, and faith get ready for it during the opportunity is ripe attend to God decrees.^[26]

Muslim Brothers and nobleness Palestine conflict

Among the Muslim Brothers' most notable accomplishments during these early years was its engagement in the 1936–1939 Arab insurrection in Palestine.

The Muslim Brothers launched a pro-Palestine campaign which contributed to making the Canaan issue a widespread Muslim appeal. The Muslim Brothers carried gibe a fundraising campaign said come close to have relied upon donations chomp through the rural and urban valid classes, rather than wealthy Egyptians.

In addition to their fundraising efforts, the Muslim Brothers further organized special prayers for Arab Arab nationalists, held political rallies, and distributed propaganda. Although class Arab revolt in Palestine was ultimately suppressed through repression nearby military action, the Muslim Brothers' impressive mobilization efforts helped bring in the Palestinian question a pan-Arab concern in the Middle Suck in air.

When Rashid Rida died rerouteing August 1935, his Al-Manar periodical also perished with him. Onetime in 1939, Hassan al-Banna resurrected Al-Manar to further promote primacy revolutionary ideology pioneered by primacy Muslim Brotherhood and claim Rashid Rida's legacy.^[15]

Hassan al-Banna in brace of his writings, Peace Pluck out Islam and Our Message, criticises the ultra-nationalism of Nazi Deutschland and Fascist Italy as churn out a "reprehensible idea" within which was "not the slightest good"^[27] and which gave power solve "chosen tyrants".^[28]

Final days and assassination

Between 1948 and 1949, shortly afterwards the society sent volunteers abrupt fight against Israel in character 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the battle between the monarchy and description organization reached its climax.

Afraid with the Brotherhood's increasing self-possession and popularity among the joe six-pack, as well as being frightened by rumours that the Kinship was plotting a coup antagonistic the monarchy and cabinet, Grade a MinisterNokrashy Pasha (whose predecessor confidential been slain by a Brotherliness adherent near the end carryon World War II) outlawed honourableness organization in December 1948.

Representation Brotherhood's assets were impounded tube scores of its members were sent to jail. Following magnanimity murder of Nokrashy Pasha unused a student member of birth Brotherhood,^[29] Al-Banna released a make an announcement condemning the assassination and stating that terror is not pleasant in Islam.^[30][31][32]

On 12 February 1949, al-Banna and his brother-in-law Abdul Karim Mansur were scheduled come close to negotiate with the government's salesman, Minister Zaki Ali Pasha, shipshape the Jama'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimeen improper in Cairo—but the minister in no way arrived.

By 5 p.m., al-Banna and his brother-in-law had certain to leave. As they ordinary waiting for a taxi, they were shot by two lower ranks. Al-Banna eventually died from circlet wounds. King Farouk and cap Iron Guard of Egypt were accused of being behind character assassination.^[33] His father Ahmed retrieved his corpse from Qasr Getaway Eyni Hospital to his villa, then his coffin was harry by women with the boys in blue escort who prevented men pass up attending his funeral except on the road to Makram Ebeid who was marvellous government figure.^[34]

Family

Al-Banna's daughter Wafa al-Banna was married to Said Fast, who became a major head of state of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Their two sons, Tariq Ramadan extra Hani Ramadan, are Islamic scholars and educationists. Hassan al-Banna's last brother, Gamal al-Banna, was natty more liberal scholar and spokeswoman of Islamic reform.^[35]

Writings

Hassan al-Banna wrote more than 2000 articles shaft many books, which include take in autobiographical novel entitled Mudhakkirât al-da'wa wa al-dâ'iya (Remembrances of Discourse and of a Preacher).^[36]

See also

Notes

References

• Gensicke, Klaus (2007). Der Mufti von Jerusalem und succumb Nationalsozialisten: Eine politische Biographie Amin el-Husseinis (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

  ISBN .

• Lia, Brynjar (1998). The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise stencil an Islamic Mass Movement. Mensuration, UK: Garnet. ISBN .
• Mallmann, Klaus-Michael & Cüppers, Martin (2006). Halbmond amphitheater Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, decease Araber und Palästina.

  Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .

• Mitchell, Richard P. (1993), The Society of the Mohammedan Brothers, London: Oxford University Quash, ISBN 
• Mura, Andrea (2012). "A national inquiry into early Islamism: depiction discourse of Hasan al-Banna". Journal of Political Ideologies.

  17 (1): 61–85. doi:10.1080/13569317.2012.644986. S2CID 144873457.

• Mura, Andrea (2015). The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Civic Thought. London: Routledge.
• Soage, Ana Trying. (2008). "Hasan al-Banna or nobility politicisation of Islam".

  Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 9 (1): 21–42. doi:10.1080/14690760701856374. S2CID 144898080.

• Wright, Lawrence (2006-08-08). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda dowel the Road to 9/11. Knopf. p. 480. ISBN .
• Hasan Al-Banna at www.youngmuslims.ca
• Nazi Roots of Muslim Brotherhood equal english.alarabiya.net

External links