Selena mexican singer wiki

Selena

Selena

Birth nameSelena Quintanilla Perez
Also be revealed asSelena, Selena Perez, The Sovereign of Latin Music
Born(1971-04-16)April 16, 1971
Lake Jackson, Texas, USA
DiedMarch 31, 1995(1995-03-31) (aged 23)
Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
GenresTejano, Model pop, pop, ranchera, cumbia
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, contestant, fashiondesigner
Years active1982 (1982)—1995 (1995)
LabelsEMI Latin, Q-Productions, SBK Records
Formerly ofSelena y Los Dinos
Website

Selena Quintanilla-Perez (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known mononymously as Selena, was an Indweller singer and songwriter.

She was named the "Queen of Tejano music" and was also celebrated as the "MexicanMadonna". She was born as the youngest daughter of a Mexican-American father. She released her first LP tape measure at the age of 12 with her band Selena off-centre Los Dinos. At the 1987 Tejano Music Awards, she won the Female Vocalist of high-mindedness Year award.

She won that award eight times in out row. Selena signed a lean agreement with EMI Latin explain 1989. She released five Nation a languages albums with them, each having chart and profit-making success.

"Como La Flor" became one of her signature songs after it got to edition six on the US BillboardHot Latin Tracks chart in 1992.

The next year, Selena Live! won a Grammy Award dispense Best Mexican/American Album. In 1994, Amor Prohibido was released innermost five of the singles became number one hits. Selena became the first Hispanic singer medical do this. The album became the fastest-selling Latin album out-and-out all time. Amor Prohibido extort the song of the identical name were nominated for smashing Grammy Award.

In late 1994, Charles Koppelman, the chairman model EMI Latin, believed that Selena was ready to release dexterous cross over album. Selena would then begin recording songs contain English instead of Spanish, which would expand her career.

On March 31, 1995, Selena was murdered by Yolanda Saldívar, a-okay friend and former manager avail yourself of her Selena Etc.

clothing rations. Selena's death affected people wealthy Hispanic communities. Many as burden memorials from fans. Two weeks later, Governor of Texas think the time, George W. Flower, made April 16 "Selena Day" in Texas. Her crossover jotter Dreaming of You, which was not finished, was released swagger July 18, 1995. In 1997, Warner Bros. released a smokescreen about her life.

Puerto Rican singer and actress Jennifer Lopez played the role of "Selena" in the movie. The duty Jennifer Lopez become famously tempt role "Selena the movie count on 1997".

In 2005, a celebration concert called Selena ¡VIVE!premiered grounds Univision. The show had honourableness highest ratings in the channel's history.

It was also honesty most-watched Spanish-language show in honourableness history of American television. Pipe was watched by more already 37 million people in righteousness United States. In 2006, unembellished Selena museum was built make the addition of Q-Productions. Mirador de la Flor, a bronze life-sized statue, was created in memory of Selena.

These memorials are in Capital Christi, Texas. The statue not bad visited by hundreds of fans every week. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.

Early years

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Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971 in Lake Jackson, Texas.[2] Present mother, Marcella Ofelia Samora, commission half Mexican American and bisection Cherokee Native American, while have a lot to do with father, Abraham Quintanilla Jr, even-handed Mexican-American.[4] Selena was raised despite the fact that a Jehovah's Witness.[5]

Abraham was straighten up musician, but he abandoned surmount musical ambitions to support diadem family.[6] Selena began singing legislature with Abraham's guitar picking.[7]

Abraham unregimented his children into a belt called "Selena y Los Dinos" ("Selena and The Boys").[8][9] 'Dinos' is a Spanishslang word.[10]

In 1982, Abrahm opened a Mexican eating place called "PapaGayos" (English: "Parrots").[7] In spite of that, the restaurant closed because remind you of the recession of 1982.[11] Rank family declared bankruptcy, and were evicted (forced to move dismiss their home).

They settled reliably Corpus Christi, Texas.[12] Abraham on purpose people in town to agree to Selena y Los Dinos. They needed money and played where they could get a shoot. They performed at street intermission, weddings, quinceañeras and fairs.

In 1984, Selena recorded her first Counselling record for Freddie Records.

Selena learned Spanish by listening get in touch with others speak.[14] The album was not sold in stores. Freddie Records did not believe top-hole female singer could sell great record.[15] Her father bought transfix of the original copies.

Selena was bullied in school by carefulness girls.

When Selena was hassle the eighth grade, her pop took her out of school.[17] Her performanceschedule was getting enlarge. Which was too hard grip Selena to stay in defeat school.[17] She completed and post homework on her tour bus.[14] When she was 17, she earned a high school certification from The American School pay for Correspondence in Chicago.

She was also accepted at Louisiana Shape University.

In 1985, Selena recorded inclusion second LP record, The Newborn Girl in Town;[20] The wedding album was not sold in foodstuffs because of copyright problems. Selena became a music guest finance the Johnny Canales Show.[7] She sang "Oh Mama" from stress second LP.[21] In 1986, she released Alpha.

The album became her first LP to write down released successfully. It helped veto to be discovered by Multitude Trevi, the founder for birth Tejano Music Awards.[7] Selena won the Female Vocalist of grandeur Year award in 1987. She won every year for octonary years after that.[23] She as well released two more LPs: And the Winner Is... and Muñequito de Trapo.[2]

Early success

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In 1989, Selena signed put in order record agreement with EMI Latin.[24] She became the first organizer to sign with them.[25] She also made Tejano music favourite among younger people.[26] Jose Behar said that he signed Selena because he thought he misunderstand the next Gloria Estefan.[17] Monitor the same year, Coca-Cola sought Selena to become one have a hold over their spokespeople in Texas.[27] Behar and Stephen Finfer asked EMI to begin Selena's cross more than album.[28] However, EMI did cry want to start the voter, while telling Selena that she needed a bigger fan base.[29] She released her first autograph album that same year.

The recoil single "Contigo Quiero Estar" got to number eight on description US BillboardHot Latin Tracks map in 1989.

In the same epoch, Chris Pérez, who was spiffy tidy up rockguitarist, was asked to come together Selena y Los Dinos. Ibrahim did not like Pérez since of his image and estimated he would be a damaging influence on his children.

Selena's brother tried to tell Patriarch that Pérez would change. Patriarch agreed, because they were lacking a guitarist. In 1990, Selena released Ven Conmigo. The ep became the first album rough a Tejano singer to persist gold status. Around this firmly, Pérez and Selena fell cede love with each other. Ibrahim was angry about this bear fired Pérez from the have to.

Selena was warned never accost see him again by throw over father. The two eloped synchronize April 2, 1992. Abraham push the relationship and Pérez bump into the family. He later blunt that he felt guilty. Crystalclear said this because he sense that it was his conduct that Selena and Pérez eloped.

A registered nurse and fan dubbed Yolanda Saldívar asked Selena's father confessor to start a fan cudgel in San Antonio, Texas.

Saldívar had the idea after she had attended one of Selena's concerts. Abraham approved Saldívar's charm. Abraham believed the fan cudgel would bring in new fans. Saldívar soon became a close friend to Selena and nobleness family. She was trusted lecturer became the president of interpretation fan club.[36] In 1992, Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo.

The song "Como La Flor" became Selena's signature song. Picture album and the single helped her to tour in Mexico. Selena recorded a duet reap Salvadoran singer Alvaro Torres baptized "Buenos Amigos" in 1991. Dignity song got to number susceptible on the Hot Latin Disappear. This became Selena's first back copy one song. Because of that, Selena was asked to work "Buenos Amigos" in El Salvador.

In 1993, Selena released Selena Live!.

The album won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/American Album.[8] Around this time, Selena undo two clothing stores called Selena Etc.[39] She hired Saldívar chimpanzee the manager.[8]Hispanic Business magazine wrote that Selena earned $5 fortune from her clothing stores.[40] Selena also acted in a Romance soap opera called Dos Mujeres, Un Camino in 1993.

During the time that her episode premiered, it difficult a record rating. In Dec 1993, Selena was signed assort SBK Records to begin turn thumbs down on cross over album.[42] However, taperecord would not begin until late-1994.[44]

Later success

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In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido.

Probity album became the best-selling Established album of all time. Quintuplet singles from the album reached number one on the Dazzling Latin Tracks chart.[47] Selena was the first Hispanic artist spoil do this. The album was certified double platinum by character end of the year. She also won awards from Premio Lo Nuestro including Best Established Artist and Song of nobleness Year.

Selena recorded a dancing with the Barrio Boyzz denominated "Donde Quiera Que Estes". Magnanimity song got to number edge your way on the Hot Latin Tracks.[49] This allowed Selena to cord in New York City, Argentina, Puerto Rico and Central Usa, where she was not spasm known. The album and ethics single of the same designation were nominated for a Grammy Award.[52] "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Mas" became excellence most successful singles of 1994 and 1995 on the Sultry Latin Track charts, according change Billboard and Nielson SoundScan.[53] She was then called the "Queen of Tejano music".[54]

In late 1994, EMI chairmanCharles Koppelman felt renounce Selena had succeeded her goals in the Spanish market.[55] Type wanted to release a rood over album with Selena.

Grammy Award-winning composers began writing songs for her to record.[7] Supreme goal was to become neat as a pin pop icon like Donna Season, Paula Abdul, Madonna and Mariah Carey.[7] Selena continued on an alternative Amor Prohibido Tour while EMI Latin prepared the album. Remodel 1995, Selena made a wood appearance in Don Juan DeMarco, which starred Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp and Faye Dunaway.[56] Border line February 1995, Selena performed torture the Houston Astrodome.

She round out for a record-breaking audience incessantly over 60,000 fans. This was more than country singers specified as George Strait, Vince Fret, Clint Black and Reba McEntire.[2] Meanwhile, she was planning class open two more clothing hooker. One was scheduled to reasonably opened in Monterrey, Mexico.[55]

Charity work

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Selena visited stop trading schools to talk to lecture about the importance of schooling.

She spent her free put off helping her community. She too worked with D.A.R.E.. She in order a fundraising concert to aid AIDSpatients.[55] Selena also helped clowns in Florida after Hurricane Apostle made landfall there in 1992.

According to the A&E entreat seriesBiography, Selena's fans were minorities in the world.

She pleased them to be the first they can be.[7] Her greatest fear was that no individual would come watch her discharge. At her peak, she lengthened to ask her father assuming anybody had showed up.[57]

Selena was called the "Mexican Madonna",[58] on the other hand unlike Madonna, Selena valued lineage and never cursed.[59] She further was known for her "sexy stage costumes" that she wore while performing.[60] Her friends increase in intensity family called her a daredevil.

Murder and trial

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See the main article: Murder closing stages Selena

Saldívar was an employee duct manager for Selena's clothing rations and fan club.

Saldívar was stealing money from these businesses and was eventually caught.[8] Selena did not believe that supreme best friend could do decimal point like that. She tried convey maintain their friendship, but timorous March 1995, it began allot get worse. Selena and throw over husband Pérez visited Saldívar say March 30, 1995 to drive the documents that she challenging stolen.

Saldívar did not sift Selena all the documents. Dispense the morning of March 31, 1995, Selena met up information flow Saldívar to collect paperwork boss missing documents for tax preparations.[62] At the hotel, Selena compulsory that Saldívar give her magnanimity missing financial papers.[63] Saldívar run away with claimed that she was despoiled in Mexico.[17] Selena took accompaniment to a local hospital wheel doctors found that Saldívar was lying.[64] This made Selena further upset.

She decided to annoyed her friendship with Saldívar. What because they returned to the tourist house, they began arguing.[8]

Saldívar wanted simulation punish Selena for ending their friendship. Saldívar took a ordnance from her purse. She barbed it at Selena[65] and pulled the trigger, shooting Selena effort the back.[52] Selena ran pick up the hotel lobby begging rep help.[66] She was seen occupation her chest screaming repeatedly, "Help me!, I've been shot!".[67] Saldívar chased her and called respite a "bitch".[68] Selena fell strengthen the floor and named Saldívar as the shooter.

By greatness time Selena arrived at well-ordered local hospital, she was clear dead.[69] She was two weeks away from her 24th spread and three days from bake third wedding anniversary with Pérez.[69] Saldívar went to her cartridge truck and threatened to accept suicide.[70] The SWAT and high-mindedness FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit were called.[65] She surrendered after club hours.[8]

Saldívar pleaded not guilty.

She said what she did work Selena was accidental. She aforementioned that she meant to trim down herself, not Selena. But lawyer Carlos Valdez pointed out walk Saldivar, a former nurse, upfront not call 911 or have a stab to help Selena after she was shot. The jury sentenced Saldívar to life imprisonment. She has the right for out in 2025.[71] Reactions to Selena's death were compared to reactions to Elvis Presley and Trick Lennon's deaths.[72][73]George W.

Bush, Guide of Texas at the previous, declared April 16 as "Selena Day" in Texas.[27] Selena's temporality was called "Black Friday" overlook Texas.[74][75][76] Most White Texans were offended that Selena Day would be celebrated on Easter. Innumerable of them also wrote inhibit the Brazosport Facts that "Easter is more important than Selena Day".

Mexican Americans in Texas wrote negative replies to justness comments that were made. Hold up Mexican American wrote that gross comments made were "rude".[77][78] Tranny host Howard Stern mocked Selena's funeral and death.[79] Many fans disapproved of such actions nearby held public boycotts.[80]

Legacy

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In 1997, Warner Bros.

free a movie about Selena's living thing. Jennifer Lopez played Selena.[81] Interpretation role helped Lopez become famous.[82][83][84] Music critic David Bauder deemed that if Selena were be located, she would have broken honesty record sales of Madonna, Gloria Estefan, Paula Abdul[85] and Artificer Houston.[86] By 1996, Selena set aside the record for more bombshells at the Latin Music Glory than any other artist.[87] Intimate 2006, a Selena museum was built in Q-Productions.

Mirador be more or less la Flor, a bronze full-scale statue, was created in honour of Selena. These memorials on top in Corpus Christi, Texas.

The Actor Book of World Records forename Selena as the "most peremptory artist". Selena also became magnanimity first Hispanic singer to plot an album sung mostly link with Spanish to reach number ventilate.

She also became the be foremost female to place five albums at the same time opt the Billboard 200 chart.[90] Description only other artists to keep done this were Elvis Presley, The Beatles and Garth Brooks.Billboard wrote that the release be more or less Dreaming of You was "a historic day in Latin song history".

The album helped Selena to become the second-fastest acquire female artist that year, break free from Janet Jackson.[93]Dreaming of You became the second-highest debut that period, behind Michael Jackson.[94]

People magazine free a tribute issue for Selena.[17] It sold one million copies in one day.

This was the only issue to be born with been sold out in exception across the United States.[95] Goodness company released three more runs, and all sold out cut two weeks.[7] This made ethics company to release People Sickness Espanol.[7] A musical called Selena Forever, starring Veronica Vasquez although "Selena", opened in Los Angeles.[96] The American Bank Center contain Corpus Christi renamed its 2,526-seat "Bayfront Auditorium" to "Selena Auditorium".[97] A tribute concert, Selena ¡VIVE!, premiered on Univision on Apr 7, 2005.

The concert impressive the 10th anniversary of Selena's murder. The show included additional Latin artists performing covers hill Selena's songs. The show was the highest rated and most-watched Spanish-language show in American beseech history. The show had remark 37 million viewers, more already the number of viewers penalty that night's episode of American Idol.

The show had description highest ratings in Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Another York City.[98]

Selena's fan base continues to stay strong.[99] Selena evaluation considered one of the governing widely known Mexican-American artists[101] contemporary the most popular Latin genius in the United States.[101] Documentaries are shown on Spanish-language clasp annually marking Selena's death anniversary.[52]Billboard named Selena the "Best Arrange Latin Artist of the [1990's] Decade" and "Top Latin Virtuoso of the 90's".[102][103] As methodical 2012, Selena has sold on top of 60 million albums worldwide.[104]

Selena was also honoured in a alliance with cosmetics company MAC, who worked with her sister Suzette to create 14 products, plus lipstick and gloss, mascara, eyeliner, eyeshadow, and a compact.

“I am so excited that M.A.C Cosmetics will be releasing precise collection in honor of cheap sister Selena," her sister Suzette says, “Helping to create that collection brings me back save all those late-night conversations abode our tour bus when she spoke of having her sole makeup line one day. Pretend Selena were here she would be beyond ecstatic to be blessed with this happening.

History is make available made.” [105]

Discography

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Main articles: Selena albums discography, Selena singles discography, and Selena dry Los Dinos discography

Filmography

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References

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  1. 2.02.12.2Pérez Dávila, Angie (March 31, 2005).

    "A 10 años de icy muerte de Selena". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Archived from glory original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2011.

  2. "Selena, class Queen of Tejano Music". . Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  3. Bernstein, Ellen (April 16, 1997). "Birthday promotion is prohibited".

    Caller-Times. Corpus Christi, Texas: Archived from the modern on April 3, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

  4. ↑HSA Banquet Essence Father of Late Tejano Understanding Selena, Baylor University press assist, November 4, 1999. Retrieved Oct 13, 2006.
  5. 7.07.17.27.37.47.57.67.77.8"Biography TV Entourage, Selena episode".

    Biography. November 26, 2010. 60 minutes in. Loftiness Biography Channel.

  6. 8.08.18.28.38.48.5Howe Verhovek, Sam (April 1, 1995). "Grammy Sugared Singer Selena Killed in Discriminating at Texas Motel". The Spanking York Times.

    p. 1.

  7. "Latin singer Selena killed in Texas motel". The Milwaukee Sentinel. April 1, 1995. Archived from the original progression September 26, 2015. Retrieved Oct 10, 2011.
  8. Martinez, Walter (1995). "Selena's Interview". Latin Style Magazine.
  9. Longsdorf, Notoriety (March 21, 1997).

    "Compelling Building Elements Missing From Selena". The Morning Call. Retrieved October 10, 2011.[permanent dead link]

  10. "Viva Selena!". Daily News of Los Angeles. Grand 24, 1994. Archived from rectitude original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  11. 14.014.1Arrarás, María Celeste (1997).

    Selena's secret: the revealing story behind convoy tragic death (in Spanish). Domicile. p. 256. ISBN . Retrieved March 4, 2011.

  12. "Selena Soundtrack Hints At Tejano Singer's Appeal". Miami Herald. Hoof it 18, 1997. Archived from significance original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  13. 17.017.117.217.317.4Mitchell, Rick (May 21, 1995).

    "Selena, the making of the monarch of Tejano". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-07-09. Retrieved February 1, 2008.

  14. Maldonado-Hinojosa, Vilma (March 10, 2005). "enfoque; Recuerdos de Selena; 10 years posterior, Selena lives on". San Antonio Express-News (in Spanish). Retrieved Oct 10, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  15. "Selena's Ventilate Slain singer opened Tejano hype the world".

    Fort Worth Star-Telegram. April 26, 1995. Archived strip the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2011.

  16. ↑"Fans, Family Remember Selena". CBS Information, October 17, 2002. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
  17. Gershman, Rick (March 18, 1997). "Selena's legacy". St. Campaign Times.

    Retrieved October 11, 2011.[permanent dead link]

  18. Clark, Michael (March 25, 2005). "Ten years after send someone away murder, Selena lives on". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  19. Gamboa, Suzanne (October 8, 1995). "On eve of trial, Selena's fame still grows Slain Tejano singer's rising star is yell dimming".

    Austin American-Statesman. Archived unfamiliar the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2011.

  20. 27.027.1Orozco, Cynthia E. "Selena's Chronicle TSHA". The Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
  21. Lopetegui, Enrique (April 8, 1995). "A Crossover Dream Halted Prematurely, Tragically Some Ambitious Plans Were Reporting to Way to Bring Selena censure Mainstream U.S.

    Audience". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the recent on November 7, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2011.

  22. Minnick, Doug (September 24, 2010). "Jose Behar, interview". Taxi A&R. Archived from ethics original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
  23. Reports, Link (April 1, 1995).

    "Gunshot Silences Singing Sensation Selena At Lifetime 23". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved Oct 10, 2011.[permanent dead link]

  24. "Tejano Cantor Shot To Death". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. April 1, 1995. Retrieved Oct 10, 2011.
  25. ↑"Selena – Life Events".

    Corpus Christi Caller Times, Walk 27, 2005. Retrieved June 7, 2006. Archived May 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine

  26. Valdes, Alisa (April 7, 1995). "Loving Selena, fans loved themselves". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 11, 2011.[permanent behind the times link]
  27. Tarradell, Mario (April 1, 1995).

    "Singer soared beyond traditional precincts on Tejano music". The City Morning News. Archived from influence original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2011.

  28. "Chart characteristics > Hot Latin Tracks > Selena". Billboard. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
  29. "Chart history > Selena > Donde Quiera Que Estes".

    AllMusic. Archived from the original soft spot January 16, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2011.

  30. 52.052.152.2"Selena's Death Shocks Hispanics".

  31. Biography abraham
  32. The Victoria Advocate. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10, 2011.

  33. "Topping Significance Charts Year By Year". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 48. November 28, 1998. p. LMQ3. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  34. Prodis, Julia (April 7, 1995). "Many Americans Asking "Who is Selena?"".

    Park City Daily News. Retrieved October 11, 2011.

  35. 55.055.155.2Queen grounding Tejano Music, Selena special. 2007. 60 minutes in. Q-Productions.
  36. "Selena: Chanteuse was on the verge watch mainstream stardom". The Atlanta Journal. April 5, 1995. Archived evade the original on July 21, 2012.

    Retrieved October 11, 2011.

  37. Burr, John (March 26, 1996). "Selena hits gold on, off abuse - Singer's wedding, break-through scrap book highlight of 1990". San Antonio Express-News. Archived from the initial on February 4, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  38. Lemieux, Josh (April 3, 1995).

    "Legions of Fans Visit Selena's Casket". Associated Urge. Retrieved May 14, 2013.

  39. Will, E. (October 22, 1995). "Upset fan wants to dispel untruths about Selena". The Denver Post. Archived from the original match March 5, 2016. Retrieved Haw 14, 2013.
  40. "Grammy winning chanteuse Selena shot to death".

    The Hour. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10, 2011.

  41. ↑"Testimony of Richard Fredrickson". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  42. "Singer Selena, an idol of Mexican-Americans, dies of gunshot wounds". The Vindicator. April 1, 1995. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  43. ↑"October 12, 1995 testimony of Carla Anthony".

    Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2008.

  44. 65.065.1Famous Lawlessness Scene. Series 105. March 12, 2010. 30 minutes in. VH1.
  45. "Mexican-American Singer Selena Fatally Shot Gratify Texas Motel Room". Charlotte Observer. April 1, 1995.

    Archived getaway the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2011.

  46. ↑"Friday, 13 October, testimony of Shawna Vela". Houston Chronicle, October 13, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  47. ↑"12 October 1995, the testimony look after Norma Martinez". Houston Chronicle, Oct 12, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  48. 69.069.1Villafranca, Armando and Reinert, Patty.

    "Singer Selena shot in depth death". Houston Chronicle, April 1, 1995. Retrieved February 1, 2008.

  49. "Tejano Music Star Selena Is Explosion To Death At Age 23". Miami Herald. April 1, 1995. Archived from the original seriousness October 21, 2014. Retrieved Oct 10, 2011.